RT article
T1 Encyrtid Parasitoids of Soft Scale Insects: Biology, Behavior, and Their Use in Biological Control
A1 Kapranas, Apostolos
A1 Tena, Alejandro
A2 BerenbaumMR
AB Parasitoids of the hymenopterous family Encyrtidae are one of the most important groups of natural enemies of soft scale insects and have been used extensively in biological control. We summarize existing knowledge of the biology, ecology, and behavior of these parasitoids and how it relates to biological control. Soft scale stage/size and phenology are important determinants of host range and host utilization, which are key aspects in understanding how control by these parasitoids is exerted. Furthermore, the nutritional ecology of encyrtids and their physiological interactions with their hosts affect soft scale insect population dynamics. Lastly, the interactions among encyrtids, heteronomous parasitoids, and ants shape parasitoid species complexes and consequently have a direct impact on the biological control of soft scale insects.
SN 0066-4170; 978-0-8243-0160-6
YR 2015
FD 2015
LK http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11939/5441
UL http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11939/5441
LA en
NO Kapranas, Apostolos, Tena, A. (2015). Encyrtid Parasitoids of Soft Scale Insects: Biology, Behavior, and Their Use in Biological Control. Annual Review of Entomology, Vol 60, 60, 195-211.
DS MINDS@UW
RD Feb 4, 2023